What information must be included in PIREPS regarding weather conditions?

The inclusion of specific weather information in PIREPS (Pilot Reports) is crucial for informing other pilots and air traffic management about current atmospheric conditions. The correct choice emphasizes the significance of reporting both the ceiling and wind shear conditions.

When a ceiling is reported as below 5000 feet, it indicates that the clouds are low enough to impact flight operations, particularly for visual flight rules (VFR) flights. This information is critical for pilots who may be approaching or departing from airports, as it helps them make informed decisions about safety and landing approaches.

Additionally, reporting wind shear is essential, as this phenomenon can occur near the ground, especially during takeoff and landing phases, and poses serious risks to aircraft performance. Wind shear represents rapid changes in wind speed and direction, which can affect aircraft stability and control.

The other options, while they involve weather conditions, do not convey the immediate safety implications that low ceilings and wind shear do for pilot operations. For instance, visibility greater than 5 miles is typically considered good weather and does not necessitate a PIREP, while temperature above normal ranges and air traffic congestion do not directly relate to immediate safety concerns in the same way. Therefore, including ceiling and wind shear in PIREPS is vital for ensuring